Enfoque hacia el uso de energías alternativas en establecimientos de atención médica / Approach to the use of alternative energies in medical care facilities

Introducción: El tema del cambio climático y sus efectos, en la salud, educación y transporte, es un tema emergente, que pretende la optimización del consumo y la eficiencia energética. Esta investigación se plantea como objetivo,la caracterización del uso y aprovechamiento de energías, en establecimientos de atención médica de la región capital durante el año 2022, considerando la distribución energética, eficiencia y fuentes primarias de energía utilizadas en este país. Métodos: Se trata de una investigación descriptiva, transversal y prospectiva,a través del análisis cuali-cuantitativo, con el uso de informantes clave quienes consideran importante la iluminación natural en los espacios y el mayor aprovechamiento energético en áreas como la quirúrgica y consulta externa. Resultados: Surge el uso de la energía solar, eólica e hidráulica como recursos energéticos aprovechables, así como la sostenibilidad y la mantenibilidad en el diseño y rediseño de infraestructuras hospitalarias. Los tipos de energías utilizados en Venezuela, siguen correspondiendo ala hidráulica y combustibles fósiles, se conoce la tecnología e implementación de paneles solares para la mejoría del cambio climático, la huella del carbono, el uso de energías verdes y reducción de combustibles fósiles. Su aceptación depende de regulaciones y la concientización energética como elementos fundamentales para el cambio.

Introduction: The issue of climate change and itseffects, in health, education and transportation, is an emergingissue, which aims at the optimization of energy consumption andefficiency. e objective of this research is to characterize the useand exploitation of energy in health care facilities in the capitalregion during the year 2022, considering the energy distribution,efficiency and primary energy sources used in this country.Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and prospectiveresearch, through qualitative-quantitative analysis, with the useof key informants who consider important the natural lightingin the spaces and the greater use of energy in areas such assurgery and outpatient care. Results: The use of solar, windand hydraulic energy emerged as usable energy resources, aswell as sustainability and maintainability in the design andredesign of hospital infrastructures. The types of energy used inVenezuela continue to correspond to hydraulics and fossil fuels; the technology and implementation of solar panels is known forthe improvement of climate change, the carbon footprint, theuse of green energy and reduction of fossil fuels. Their acceptancedepends on regulations and energy awareness as fundamental elements for change.

Efectos de la ingesta de una bebida energética rica en miel sobre glucosa, insulina, triglicéridos y proteínas totales en jóvenes sanos / Effects of honey-rich energy drink intake on glucose, insulin, triglycerides and total protein in healthy young people

Introducción: las bebidas energéticas han ganado protagonismo en diferentes grupos poblacionales. Objetivo: el objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar el efecto de la ingesta de una bebida energética rica en miel (BeeBad EnegyDrink®, Parodi Group, Italia) y una bebida energética popular con azúcares libres sobre la insulina, la glucemia, las proteínas totales y los triglicéridos. Material y métodos: quince estudiantes varones participaron en el estudio (20,85 ± 2,67 años). Se realizaron dos evaluaciones separadas en tres días. Se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas antes de ingerir la bebida energética en estado de ayuno, 30 minutos, 60 minutos y 120 minutos después de ingerir las bebidas energéticas. El primer día, los participantes ingirieron la bebida energética rica en miel (BeeBad EnegyDrink®, Parodi Group, Italia) mientras que el segundo día los participantes ingirieron la bebida energética con azucares libres. Resultados: hubo diferencias significativas en glucosa e insulina a lo largo del tiempo (p < 0,01). Respecto a las diferencias entre bebidas energéticas, hubo diferencias en los valores de insulina, que fueron menores después de tomar la bebida energética rica en miel (p < 0,05). Además, el incremento de la glucosa e insulina a los 30 minutos fue menor tras ingerir la bebida energética rica en miel. Conclusiones: la ingesta de bebidas energéticas rica en miel produce menores elevaciones de insulina y glucosa en comparación con una bebida energética popular con azúcar libre en sujetos sanos. Atendiendo a los resultados, las bebidas energéticas ricas en miel podrían ser una alternativa a las bebidas energéticas convencionales. (AU)

Introduction: energy drinks have become more popular in different population groups. Aims: the research aimed to study the effect of the intake of a honey-rich energy drink (BeeBad EnegyDrink®, Parodi Group, Italy) and a popular energy drink with free sugars on insulin, glycemia, total protein and triglycerides. Material and methods: fifteen male students participated in the study (20.85 ± 2.67 years). Two separate evaluations were performed on three days. Blood samples were obtained before ingesting the energy drink in a fasting state, 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 120 minutes after ingesting the drinks. On the first day participants ingested the honey-rich energy drink (BeeBad EnegyDrink®, Parodi Group, Italy) while on the second day participants ingested the energy drink with free sugars. Results: there were significant differences in glucose and insulin over time (p < 0.01). Regarding the differences between energy drinks, there were differences in insulin values, being lower after taking the honey-rich energy drink (p < 0.05). In addition, the increase in glucose and insulin at 30 minutes was lower after ingesting the honey-rich energy drink. Conclusions: ingestion of honey-rich energy drink produces lower elevations of insulin and glucose compared to a popular energy drink with free sugar in healthy subjects. Based on the results, honey-rich energy drinks could be an alternative to conventional energy drinks. (AU)

The feasibility of anthropometric measurements for evaluation of abdominal obesity in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study / La viabilidad de las mediciones antropométricas para la evaluación de la obesidad abdominal en pacientes con enfermedad renal poliquística autosómica dominante: un estudio transversal

Introduction: total kidney volume (TKV) increases in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), which perturbs anthropometric measurements. Objectives: the primary objectives were to investigate the accuracy of waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) for determining abdominal obesity in patients with ADPKD by comparison with magnetic resonance images. The secondary objectives were to investigate the associations of energy/macronutrient intake with WC and WHR. Methods: sixty patients with ADPKD were recruited from a nephrology outpatient clinic in this cross-sectional study. Main outcome measures were: TKV, total subcutaneous fat (TSF), total intraperitoneal fat (TIF), WC, WHR, body mass index (BMI), skinfold thickness (SFT), and energy/macronutrient intake. Results: mean age was 48.6 ± 11.3 years, 38 of 60 were women, median TKV was 1486 (IQR, 981-2847) mL. The patients classed as obese by the BMI had higher WC, TSF, TIF, and SFT than did non-obese; however, WHR was similar in obese and non-obese men. In the all-patients group, the WHR of obese and non-obese patients were also similar. TKV was positively correlated with WC and WHR in women, but not in men. In the multivariate analysis, TKV was an independent factor affecting WC and WHR in women. Dietary fat intake was similar in groups with and without abdominal obesity according to WC and WHR. Conclusions: in women with ADPKD, WC and WHR may not be accurate anthropometric measurements for evaluation of abdominal obesity; however, they may be associated with TKV (AU)

Introducción: el volumen total del riñón (TKV) crece en los pacientes con enfermedad poliquística autosómica dominante del riñón (ADPKD), la cual perturba las mediciones antropométricas. Objetivos: los principales objetivos eran investigar la precisión de la circunferencia de la cintura (WC) y del cociente cintura-cadera (WHR) para determinar la obesidad abdominal en pacientes con ADPKD en comparación con imágenes de resonancia magnética. Los objetivos secundarios eran investigar las asociaciones entre consumo de energia/macronutrientes y WC y WHR. Métodos: sesenta pacientes con ADPKD fueron reclutados por una clínica ambulatoria de nefrología en este estudio transversal. Las medidas resultantes principales fueron: TKV, grasa subcutánea total (TSF), grasa intraperitoneal total (TIF), WC, WHR, índice de masa corporal (BMI), espesor del pliegue cutáneo (SFT) y consumo de energía/macronutrientes. Resultados: la edad media era de 48,6 ± 11,3 años, 38 de 60 eran mujeres, la media de TKV era 1486 (IQR: 981-2847) mL. Los pacientes clasificados como obesos por el BMI tenían niveles más altos de WC, TSF, TIF and SFT que los no obesos; sin embargo, el WHR era similar en los hombres obesos y no obesos. En el grupo de todos los pacientes, el WHR de obesos y no obesos era también similar. El TKV se correlacionó positivamente con la WC y el WHR en las mujeres pero no en los hombres. En el análisis multivariado, el TKV era un factor independiente que afectaba a la WC y el WHR en las mujeres. La ingesta de grasas en la dieta era similar en los grupos con y sin obesidad abdominal de acuerdo con la WC y el WHR. Conclusiones: en las mujeres con ADPKD, la WC y el WHR quizá no son las medidas antropométricas más apropiadas para evaluar la obesidad abdominal; sin embargo, quizá esté relacionada con el TKV (AU)

Déficit energético y proteico crítico con gran aporte de calorías provenientes de fármacos tras una semana en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Critical deficiencies of energy and protein with a high provision of non-nutritional calories after one week in an intensive care unit

Introducción: la terapia nutricional es esencial para tratar a pacientes críticos pero, si no es la adecuada, aumenta el riesgo de desnutrición y complica la evolución. Objetivo: evaluar la adecuación de la terapia nutricional enteral en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Métodos: se evaluó una cohorte adulta ingresada a una UCI con nutrición enteral y estancia ≥ 7 días. Al ingreso se registraron la severidad de la enfermedad y los datos socio-demográficos, clínicos y nutricionales, con cribados que incluyeron la IL-6 y la composición corporal. Diariamente se evaluó el aporte de nutrientes con respecto al 70 % óptimo de lo prescrito por las guías internacionales, para estimar el déficit energético-proteico. Resultados: se incluyeron 26 de 132 pacientes ingresados. Su probabilidad de mortalidad era del 20-25 % debido a la severidad de su enfermedad por los sistemas APACHE (16,6 ± 6,0) y SOFA (8 ± 4,4); su riesgo de desnutrición era de 5,6 ± 1,09 puntos por el NRS-2002, con 4,3 ± 1,2 de ángulo de fase. El déficit energético promedio era de -674 kcal/día, con un 13 % en aporte proteico (28 ± 11,5 g/d) y un 42 % en lípidos, y con el 17,5 % proveniente del propofol. El NUTRIC se asoció significativamente con los porcentajes de prescripción calórica alcanzados los días 3 y 7 (R2 = 0,21, p = 0,01). Conclusión: los pacientes sufrieron déficit calórico/proteico, con déficit proteico crítico de > 85,2 g/día e inadecuada relación entre calorías proteicas y no proteicas, aumentando su riesgo de complicaciones (AU)

Introduction: nutritional therapy is essential for the treatment of critically ill patients, although its right application fails frequently, which increases the risk for undernutrition and complications. Objective: to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of patients with enteral nutritional support in an intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: a cohort study was conducted including adults admitted to the ICU with enteral support and stay ≥ 7 days. Demographic data, severity of the disease, and clinical and nutritional scores, including IL-6 levels and body composition, were evaluated at admission. Nutritional intake was recorded daily in relation to the target intake according to international guidelines, for calculation of caloric and protein deficiencies Results: in all, 26 from 132 admitted patients were included. Their probability of mortality was 20-25 % due to disease severity by APACHE (16.6 ± 6.02) and SOFA (8 ± 4.4). Undernutrition risk was 5.6 ± 1.09 by NRS-2002 and 4.3 ± 1.2 by angle phase. Caloric deficiency was - 674 kcal/day, with 13 % proteins (28 ± 11.5 g/d) and 42 % lipids, including 17.5 % of non-nutrient calories from propofol. NUTRIC was significantly associated with percentages of the caloric prescription at days 3 and 7 (R2 = 0.21, p = 0.01) Conclusion: patients had a caloric/protein deficit with critical protein deficit of -85.2 g/day, and an inadequate proportion between protein calories and non-protein calories, increasing their risk of complications (AU)

Food, energy, and nutrient supply in Mexican households from 1984 to 2018 / Disponibilidad de alimentos, energía y nutrientes en hogares mexicanos de 1984 a 2018

Introduction: information about changes in food and energy supply, macronutrient and micronutrient availability by processing level is required to understand the nutritional transition in Mexican society. Objective: to describe the food, energy, and nutrient supply in Mexican households from 1984 to 2018. Methods: five waves of a Mexican cross-sectional survey were analyzed to identify changes in food, energy, and nutrient supplies in households. Food groups were created using the NOVA classification. The content of energy and nutrients was estimated using Mexican and U.S. databases. The education and income interaction with energy and nutritional supply was analyzed. Results: in this period, the supply of fresh and processed fruits and vegetables, processed meat and dairy, fish and seafood, prepared food, and ultra-processed food and drinks increased, whereas unprocessed or minimally processed (UMP) cereals and tubers, legumes, meat, dairy, eggs, and all processed culinary ingredients decreased. These changes have implied a higher supply of protein, total fat, cholesterol, vitamins A and C, calcium and sodium. Total energy, energy density, carbohydrates, and magnesium and potassium density decreased. Across waves, UMP and processed cereals were the main supply for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, iron and potassium. Dairy was the main supply of saturated fat. UMP and processed cereals were the main source of sodium in 1984, whereas ultra-processed cereals were the main source of sodium in 2018. Conclusions: although UMP foods remain the main group in most Mexican households, their supply has decreased over the years, whereas the supply of ultra-processed foods has increased (AU)

Introducción: se requiere información sobre los cambios de la disponibilidad de alimentos, energía y nutrientes, por nivel de procesamiento, para entender la transición nutricional en México. Objetivo: describir la disponibilidad de alimentos, energía y nutrientes en los hogares mexicanos de 1984 a 2018. Métodos: se crearon grupos usando la clasificación NOVA. El contenido de energía y nutrientes se estimó usando bases de datos mexicanas y estadounidenses. Se analizó la interacción de la educación y el ingreso con la disponibilidad de energía y nutrientes. Resultados: en este periodo aumentó la disponibilidad de verduras naturales y procesadas, carnes y lácteos procesados, pescados y mariscos, comida preparada y comida y bebida ultraprocesada, mientras que los cereales sin procesar o mínimamente procesados (SPMP), las leguminosas, las carnes, los lácteos, los huevos y los ingredientes culinarios procesados disminuyeron. Estos cambios implican una mayor disponibilidad de proteína, grasa total, colesterol, vitamina A y C, calcio y sodio. La energía total, la densidad energética, los carbohidratos y la densidad de magnesio y potasio disminuyeron. A lo largo el tiempo, los cereales SPMP y procesados fueron la principal fuente de energía, carbohidratos, fibra, hierro y potasio. Los lácteos fueron la principal fuente de grasas saturadas. Los cereales SPMP y procesados fueron la principal fuente de sodio en 1984, mientras que los cereales ultraprocesados lo fueron en el 2018. Conclusiones: aunque los alimentos SPMP siguen siendo el grupo más disponible en los hogares, su disponibilidad ha disminuido a lo largo de los años, mientras que la de los ultraprocesados ha aumentado (AU)

Eficiência energética em sistemas de saneamento básico sob a perspectiva do nexo água, energia e alimentos / Energy efficiency in basic sanitation systems from the perspective of the water-energy nexus

Segundo a organização Aliança para Economizar Energia (ASE), o consumo de energia elétrica em sistemas de saneamento é de aproximadamente 3% do que é gerado em todo o mundo e no Brasil, de acordo pesquisas realizadas no setor, o que representa o terceiro maior custo em empresas prestadoras de serviços de saneamento (públicas e privadas), precedido somente pelo custo com mão de obra própria e terceirizada. Dessa forma esse trabalho através da metodologia exploratória-explicativa teve como principal objetivo analisar o consumo energético em sistemas de abastecimento de água e de esgotamento sanitário sob o enfoque do nexo água-energia-alimentos. Para isso, foram coletados dados de empresas em cinco estados brasileiros, com principal base de dados os Relatórios de Sustentabilidade. No Brasil, a principal fonte de geração de energia elétrica é de hidroelétricas (considerada fonte renovável) entretanto ainda há considerável fração oriunda de termoelétricas e outras fontes não sustentáveis, especialmente em períodos de estiagem. Nesse sentido, ampliar as fontes geradoras e a eficiência energética é uma necessidade emergente. Em sistemas de saneamento, o consumo de energia elétrica está relacionado principalmente ao consumo em unidades de bombeamento para abastecimento de água permitindo o alcance das pressões estabelecidas por norma, e a manutenção da potabilidade após tratamento. Em sistemas de esgotamento sanitário a energia elétrica é utilizada na coleta e transporte do efluente gerado para tratamento. Diante desse contexto, a racionalidade do nexo água-energia-alimentos corrobora o entendimento de que o consumo de energia elétrica em sistemas de saneamento possui uma relação de interdependência, propiciando mitigar os trade-offs entre setores envolvidos. Isto pode ocorrer por meio de medidas para redução de perdas em sistemas de abastecimento de água, bem como, com o uso de novas tecnologias que permitam a redução do consumo energético ou a própria de geração de energia em sistemas de saneamento, o nexo água-energia-alimentos permite a compreensão de que o uso eficiente e consciente de energia elétrica propicia uma relação onde as sinergias entre os setores sejam promotoras de saúde pública e impulsionem a sustentabilidade na utilização dos recursos hídricos. Através da realização do estudo foi possível obter parâmetros sobre o consumo de energia elétrica nas empresas pesquisadas, proporcionando dessa forma em colaboração com o nexo água- energia-alimentos a análise do emprego, bem como investigação de ações para redução e produção de energia elétrica por meio de tecnologias já adotadas ou com perspectiva para adoção. O Brasil passa atualmente por um momento de transição energética, diante desse contexto a pesquisa realizada corrobora com a compreensão que a sustentabilidade no setor de energia elétrica somente será alcançada mediante a diversificação das fontes produtoras, priorizando sobretudo fontes renováveis e o setor de saneamento possui relevante potencial, ainda pouco explorado para colaborar efetivamente e diretamente com a ampliação sustentável do setor.

According to the organization Alliance to Save Energy (ASE), the electricity consumption in water and sanitation systems is approximately 3% of what is generated worldwide and in Brazil, acoording to research carried out in the sector which represents the third largest cost in companies providing sanitation services (public and private), preceded only by the cost of own and outsourced labor. The main objective of this study, through exploratory methodology, was to analyze the energy consumption in water supply and sanitary sewage systems under the perspective of the water-energy-food nexus. To this end, data were collected from water and sanitation companies in five Brazilian states, with the main database being the Sustainability Reports. In Brazil, the main source of electric power generation is hydroelectric (considered a renewable source). However there is still a considerable fraction coming from thermoelectric plants and other non-sustainable sources, especially in periods of drought. In this sense, expanding the generation sources and increasing energy efficiency is an emerging need. In water supply systems, the consumption of electricity is mainly related to the consumption of pumping units for water supply, allowing the achievement of pressures established by standard, and the maintenance of potability after treatment. In sewage systems, electricity is used in the collection and transport of the effluent generated for treatment. Within this context, the rationality of the water--ood nexus corroborates the understanding that electricity consumption in water and sanitation systems has an interdependent relationship, allowing for the mitigation of trade-offs among the sectors involved. This can occur through measures to reduce losses in water supply systems, as well as the use of new technologies that allow the reduction of energy consumption or the generation of energy itself in water and sanitation systems. The nexus allows the understanding that the efficient and conscious use of electricity provides a relationship where the synergies between the sectors promote public health and boost sustainability in the use of water resources. By carrying out the study, it was possible to obtain parameters on the consumption of electric energy in the companies surveyed, thus providing, in collaboration with the water-energy-food nexus, the analysis of employment, as well as investigation of actions to reduce and produce electric energy by through technologies already adopted or with prospects for adoption. Brazil is currently going through a moment of energy transition, in this context the research carried out corroborates the understanding that sustainability in the electricity sector will only be achieved through the diversification of production sources, prioritizing above all renewable sources and the sanitation sector has relevant potential, still little explored to collaborate effectively and directly with the sustainable expansion of the sector.

El reciclaje: Hecho significativo del valor ambiental desde el entorno educativo y su influencia en la salud / Recycling: a significant fact of environmental value from the educational environment and its influence on health

El reciclaje, la reutilización y la reducción en el consumo, es la demostración más concreta de una toma de conciencia en el ser y su papel protagonista en los procesos transformadores de nuestra realidad como especie. En este sentido, vemos que inculcar conocimientos en el área, desde las más jóvenes generaciones, hasta nuestros ancianos, puede lograr positivos cambios para la salud general, tanto del planeta, como del ser humano, siendo el propósito de la investigación conocer la importancia del reciclaje como un hecho significativo para exaltar el valor ambiental en los estudiantes. En cuanto al apartado epistemo­metodológico, se trabajó bajo el paradigma interpretativo, con un método fenomenológico­hermenéutico, usando la observación participante y la entrevista en profundidad, como técnicas de recolección de información, las cuales se aplicaron a un sujeto informante del aula de 4to año, siendo éste seleccionado por ser el más adecuado para el estudio. La técnica de análisis fue reducciones fenomenológicas a los extractos más importantes de la información, la cual fue proporcionada por el sujeto informante durante la entrevista, donde surgieron las categorías que se desglosaron en un cierre eidético que dio a conocer las ideas de la esencia verdadera del pensamiento del informante, así como también se hizo un giro hermenéutico, el cual logró proporcionar sentido a lo que se expresó en la investigación, como un aporte del investigador para dar visión a todo aquello en lo que se puede ir más allá del proceso investigativo(AU)

Recycling, reuse and reduction in consumption is the most concrete demonstration of an awareness of being and its leading role in the transforming processes of our reality as a species. In this sense, we see that instilling knowledge in the area, from the youngest generations, to our elders, can achieve positive changes for the general health, both of the planet and of the human being, the purpose of the research being to know the importance of recycling as a significant fact to exalt the environmental value in students. As for the epistemological-methodological section, we worked under the interpretive paradigm, with a phenomenological-hermeneutic method, using participant observation and in-depth interview, as information collection techniques, which were applied to an informant subject from the classroom of 4th year, this being selected for being the most suitable for the study. The analysis technique was phenomenological reductions to the most important extracts of the information, which was provided by the informant subject during the interview, where the categories emerged that were broken down into an eidetic closure that revealed the ideas of the true essence of the informant's thought, as well as a hermeneutical turn, which managed to provide meaning to what was expressed in the investigation, as a contribution of the researcher to give vision to everything in which one can go beyond the investigative process(AU)

Ingesta proteica en mujeres posmenopáusicas residentes en la comunidad y su relación con la sarcopenia / Protein intake in community-dwelling postmenopausal women and its relationship with sarcopenia

Objetivos: el envejecimiento general de la población se encuentra relacionado con el aumento de la prevalencia de la enfermedad sarcopénica, especialmente entre las mujeres mayores. Esta patología se encuentra estrechamente relacionada con la nutrición y, concretamente, con el consumo proteico en los adultos mayores. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar la posible relación entre un bajo consumo de proteínas y una mayor prevalencia de la enfermedad sarcopénica, un peor patrón dietético y un menor rendimiento físico en mujeres posmenopáusicas residentes en la comunidad. Material y métodos: el estudio se realizó en un total de 164 mujeres mayores de 65 años, independientes, reclutadas en un centro social municipal de Valencia (Benimaclet). La presencia de sarcopenia fue evaluada utilizando el último algoritmo publicado por el EWGSOP2, y la ingesta de nutrientes a través de un registro dietético de tres días. El rendimiento físico fue evaluado a través del cuestionario iPaq-e, así como el test SPPB y el test de velocidad de la marcha de 4 metros. Resultados: la muestra total comprendió un total de 164 participantes con una edad media de ± 72 años. Un 26,2 % de la muestra presentaban una ingesta de proteínas inferior a la recomendada por la FAO/OMS. El 25,6 % de las mujeres presentaban algún estadio de sarcopenia y, en cuanto a la prevalencia de la obesidad sarcopénica, un 12,2 % de la muestra se encontró afectada por dicha enfermedad. Se encontraron relaciones significativas entre el consumo de proteína y la prevalencia de la sarcopenia (p = 0,021) y la obesidad sarcopénica (p = 0,043). Se encontraron diferencias significativas relacionadas entre la mayoría de macronutrientes y micronutrientes a estudio y el consumo proteico. No se encontró ninguna relación entre la ingesta proteica y el rendimiento físico. (AU)

Objectives: the general aging of the population is related to the increase in the prevalence of sarcopenic disease; especially among older women, this pathology is closely related to nutrition and specifically to protein consumption in older adults. The aim of our study was to evaluate the possible relationship between a low protein intake and a higher prevalence of sarcopenic disease, a worse dietary pattern, and lower physical performance in postmenopausal women living in the community. Material and methods: the study was carried out in a total of 164 independent women over 65 years of age, recruited from a municipal social center in Valencia (Benimaclet). The presence of sarcopenic pathology was evaluated using the latest algorithm published by EWGSOP2, and the intake of nutrients through a three-day dietary record. Physical performance was evaluated through the iPaq-e questionnaire, as well as the SPPB test and the 4-meter gait speed test. Results: the total sample comprised 164 women with a mean age of ± 72 years; 26.2 % of the sample had a protein intake lower than recommended by the FAO/WHO; 25.6 % of the women presented some stage of sarcopenia; regarding the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity, 12.2 % of the sample was affected by this disease. Significant relationships were found between protein consumption and the prevalence of sarcopenia (p = 0.021) and sarcopenic obesity (p = 0.043). Significant related differences were found between the majority of macronutrients and micronutrients under study and protein consumption. No relationship was found between protein intake and physical performance. (AU)

Relative validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire to evaluate food group intakes among Jordanian children and adolescents / Validez relativa y reproducibilidad de un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria para evaluar la ingesta de grupos de alimentos entre niños y adolescentes jordanos

Introduction: studies of the impact of diet on the prevention and occurrence of diseases in all life stages require a reliable and valid dietary assessment tool for assessing dietary intake. Objectives: this study aimed to develop and evaluate the relative validity and reproducibility of a culturally sensitive quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess food group intake among Jordanian children and adolescents. Methods: the validation study was carried out on 136 children and adolescents aged between 6 and 18 years who enrolled from selected public and private schools. Fifty of these children and adolescents participated in the reproducibility phase. Food group intake from a quantitative FFQ was compared with food group intake from 24-hour dietary recalls (24h-DRs). Four 24-HRs were collected weekly for one month. Results: intraclass correlation coefficients between the two FFQs ranged from 0.18 for nuts to 0.98 for tea. De-attenuated and energy-adjusted correlations ranged from 0.08 for nuts to 0.95 for vegetable oils. On average, 46.6 % and 43.6 % of participants were ranked by the FFQ-1 and the 24h-DRs into the same quartile based on their crude and energy-adjusted food group intake, respectively. Bland-Altman plots showed a satisfactory agreement between the two methods for milk and milk products and vegetables. Conclusions: the findings of this study suggested that the developed FFQ has excellent reproducibility and good relative validity for most food groups. (AU)

Introducción: los estudios sobre el impacto de la dieta en la prevención y aparición de enfermedades en todas las etapas de la vida requieren una herramienta de evaluación dietética confiable y válida para evaluar la ingesta dietética. Objetivos: este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar y evaluar la validez relativa y la reproducibilidad de un cuestionario cuantitativo de frecuencia alimentaria (CFC) culturalmente sensible para evaluar la ingesta de grupos de alimentos entre niños y adolescentes jordanos. Métodos: el estudio de validación se realizó en 136 niños y adolescentes de entre 6 y 18 años matriculados en escuelas públicas y privadas seleccionadas. Cincuenta de estos niños y adolescentes participaron en la fase de reproducibilidad. La ingesta del grupo de alimentos de un CFC cuantitativo se comparó con la ingesta del grupo de alimentos de los recordatorios dietéticos de 24 horas. Se recogieron cuatro recordatorios de 024 horas semanales durante un mes. Resultados: los coeficientes de correlación intraclase entre los dos CFC variaron de 0,18 para las nueces a 0,98 para el té. Las correlaciones atenuadas y ajustadas por energía variaron de 0,08 para las nueces a 0,95 para los aceites vegetales. En promedio, el 46,6 % y el 43,6 % de los participantes fueron clasificados por el CFC-1 y el 24h-DR en el mismo cuartil en función de la ingesta de grupo de alimentos crudos y ajustados por energía, respectivamente. Los gráficos de Bland-Altman mostraron una concordancia satisfactoria entre los dos métodos para la leche y los productos lácteos y las hortalizas. Conclusiones: los hallazgos de este estudio sugirieron que el CFC desarrollado tiene una excelente reproducibilidad y una buena validez relativa para la mayoría de los grupos de alimentos. (AU)

Optimization of energy consumption per kg of pure meat by electrical and thermal systems in broiler chicken farms / [Otimização do consumo de energia por kg de carne pura por meio de sistemas térmicos em granjas de frangos de corte]

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of electrical and thermal systems optimization on energy consumption in broiler farms. Experiments were conducted in 4 different climates (cold, hot, dry, and temperate) with four treatments (4 broiler farms in each region) and 5 iterations (5 rearing periods per farm) on the Ross 308 strain of broiler chicken in a completely randomized basic design. The results showed that the solutions applied in cold and dry climates had a significant effect on reducing energy consumption (P<0.05). In the hot climate, although the reduction in energy consumption was observed after the application of the solutions, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Also, the application of solutions in temperate climates created a significant difference in the specific amount of thermal energy consumption per kilo of meat and total energy (P<0.05). Overall, the results of the present experiment showed that optimizing the electrical and thermal systems of broiler houses could reduce energy consumption in all climates.(AU)

O presente estudo foi realizado para investigar o efeito da otimização de sistemas elétricos e térmicos no consumo de energia em fazendas de frangos de corte. Foram realizadas experiências em 4 climas diferentes (frio, quente, seco e temperado) com quatro tratamentos (4 granjas de frangos de corte em cada região) e 5 iterações (5 períodos de criação por granja) na cepa Ross 308 de frangos de corte em um projeto básico completamente aleatório. Os resultados mostraram que as soluções aplicadas em climas frios e secos tiveram um efeito significativo na redução do consumo de energia (P<0,05). No clima quente, embora a redução no consumo de energia tenha sido observada após a aplicação das soluções, a diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa (P>0,05). Além disso, a aplicação de soluções em climas temperados criou uma diferença significativa na quantidade específica de consumo de energia térmica por quilo de carne e energia total (P<0,05). Em geral, os resultados do presente experimento mostraram que a otimização dos sistemas elétricos e térmicos das casas de frangos de corte poderia reduzir o consumo de energia em todos os climas.(AU)

Evaluation method of athletes' special physical fitness based on internet of things / Método de avaliação da adequação física especial dos atletas baseado na internet das coisas / Método de evaluación de la aptitud física especial de los atletas basado en la internet de las cosas

ABSTRACT Special physical fitness plays an important role in sports skills, improving athletic performance and preventing injuries. Based on the Internet of Things (IoT), the method of assessing athletes' specific physical fitness is studied using the linear acceleration energy estimation model. After relevant research on the athletes' real training environment, a real-time monitoring platform is designed. Besides, the MQVA algorithm is proposed, and the simulation experiment is designed. Finally, the accuracy of several algorithms is verified by the practical method of evaluating the application. The verification results show that the precision of the algorithm and the model achieve the expected results. An evaluation model is proposed for individual athletes of the training effect based on the energy consumption rate; for multi-athletes, the indicators used are the progress of energy transfer. This model is compared and verified employing examples. The results show that the evaluation model is accurate and reliable. This investigation is part of the contents of the investigation of the physical fitness training system of the potential advantage project in China. It can provide a theoretical basis for coaches to adopt effective special physical training approaches and methods.

RESUMO A aptidão física especial tem um papel importante no domínio das habilidades esportivas, melhorando o desempenho atlético e prevenindo as lesões. Baseado na Internet das Coisas (IoT), o método de avaliação de aptidão física específica dos atletas é estudado usando o modelo de estimativa de energia de aceleração linear. Após uma pesquisa relevante sobre o ambiente de treinamento real dos atletas, é projetada uma plataforma de monitoramento em tempo real adequada para treinamento de atletas. Além disso, o algoritmo MQVA é proposto e é projetado o experimento de simulação. Finalmente, a precisão de vários algoritmos é verificada pelo método prático de avaliação da aplicação. Os resultados da verificação mostram que a precisão do algoritmo e o modelo alcançam os resultados esperados. Propõe-se um modelo de avaliação do efeito de formação baseado na taxa de consumo de energia para atletas individuais. Para multi-atletas se usam os indicadores de avaliação do progresso da transferência de Energia. Este modelo é comparado e verificado por meio de exemplos. Os resultados mostram que o modelo de avaliação é preciso e confiável. Esta investigação faz parte dos conteúdos da investigação do sistema de formação de aptidão física do projeto potencial de vantagem na China. O mesmo pode fornecer uma base teórica para que os treinadores adoptem abordagens e métodos de formação física especial eficazes.

RESUMEN La aptitud física especial tiene un papel importante en el dominio de las habilidades deportivas, mejorando el desempeño atlético y previniendo las lesiones. Basado en la Internet de las Cosas (IoT), el método de evaluación de aptitud física específica de los atletas es estudiado usando el modelo de estimativa de energía de aceleración lineal. Después de una importante investigación sobre el ambiente de entrenamiento real de los atletas, es proyectada una plataforma de monitoreo em tiempo real adecuada para entrenamiento de atletas. Además de eso, el algoritmo MQVA es propuesto y es proyectado el experimento de simulación. Finalmente, la precisión de varios algoritmos es verificada por el método práctico de evaluación de la aplicación. Los resultados de la verificación muestran que la precisión del algoritmo y el modelo alcanzan los resultados esperados. Se propone un modelo de evaluación del efecto de formación basado en la tasa de consumo de energía para atletas individuales. Para multi-atletas se usan los indicadores de evaluación del progreso de la transferencia de energía. Este modelo es comparado y verificado por medio de ejemplos. Los resultados muestran que el modelo de evaluación es preciso y confiable. Esta investigación hace parte de los contenidos de la investigación del sistema de formación de aptitud física del proyecto potencial de ventaja en la China. El mismo puede proporcionar una base teórica para que los entrenadores adopten abordajes y métodos de formación física especial eficaces.

Diseño de dietas alimentarias para soldadores y paileros a partir de su gasto energético / Design of food diets for welders and smiths based on their energy expenditure

RESUMEN Introducción: el desempeño laboral en algunos puestos de trabajo, determina un alto nivel de carga física por parte de los trabajadores, por lo que se impone la necesidad de disponer de una adecuada dieta alimentaria para mantener la salud física y mental. Objetivo: se desarrolló una investigación para diseñar una dieta alimentaria para soldadores y paileros a partir del gasto energético en actividades laborales. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de campo que partió de una muestra no probabilística de soldadores y paileros de la Empresa Industrial Ferroviaria José Valdés Reyes. Se ejecutó un procedimiento que permitió la determinación de la dieta alimentaria de los trabajadores a partir del gasto energético de las actividades que desarrollan. Se aplicaron ciertas técnicas de observación directa, entrevistas, tormenta de ideas, medición directa de variables fisiológicas y ecuaciones para el cálculo del gasto energético. Resultados: se diseñaron tres variantes de dietas ajustadas al gasto energético de tres puestos de trabajo de la mencionada empresa. Conclusiones: se espera que la aplicación de las dietas diseñadas contribuya a mantener una buena salud de los trabajadores de esos puestos de trabajo (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the working performance of certain jobs determines a high level of physical load from the part of the workers, for what the necessity is imposed of having an appropriate food diet to preserve the physical and mental health. Objective: to design a food diet for welders and smiths starting from the energy expense in working activities. Materials and methods: a field study was carried out starting from a probabilistic sample of welders and smiths from the Industrial Railroad Enterprise Jose Valdes Reyes. A procedure was performed allowing to determine the energy expenditure of the activities they develop. Several techniques like direct observation, interviews, brain storm, direct measure of physiological variable and equations were used to calculate the energy expenditure. Results: three diet variants were designed adjusted to the energy expenditure of the three working places of the before mentioned enterprise. Conclusions: it is expected the application of the designed diets will contribute to keeping good health of the workers in those working places (AU).

Efecto de las técnicas y estrategias de modificación de la velocidad al comer sobre la ingesta de alimentos o energía: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Effect of eating speed modification techniques and strategies on food or energy intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis

La evidencia científica indica que comer de modo lento reduce la ingesta de alimentos y de energía. Sin embargo, son pocas las investigaciones que han estudiado el efecto de las técnicas y estrategias que modifican la velocidad al comer sobre la ingesta. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre estas técnicas y la ingesta de alimentos y/o energía. Para ello se realizó una revisión sistemática de 15 estudios de seres humanos y un metaanálisis de 7 estudios con 11 manipulaciones experimentales y 1 observacional. Se incluyeron únicamente los resultados de dos condiciones, "lenta" vs. "rápida", de la velocidad al comer y la ingesta. La estimación del efecto se expresó en OR con un IC del 95 % bajo el modelo de efectos aleatorios, y se evaluó la heterogeneidad con I2. También se evaluó el sesgo de publicación con un gráfico de embudo y la prueba de la regresión lineal de Egger. Los resultados indican que comer de modo lento es un factor de protección (OR = 0,73) frente a la ingesta excesiva. Además, comer bocados pequeños con una cuchara chica (OR = 0,315), servir los guisados en platos separados (OR = 0,860 y OR = 0,831), usar un tenedor con retroalimentación vibrotáctil (OR = 0,847) y comer alimentos de textura dura (OR = 0,891) son las técnicas y estrategias que modifican la velocidad al comer y disminuyen la ingesta de alimentos o energía. El presente estudio confirma la premisa de que el comer de modo lento podrá reducir la ingesta excesiva de alimentos y de energía. (AU)

Scientific evidence indicates that eating slowly reduces food and energy intake. However, few investigations have studied the effect of techniques and strategies that modify eating speed on intake. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between these techniques and food and/or energy intake. Therefore, a systematic review of 15 human studies and a meta-analysis of 7 studies with 11 experimental and 1 observational manipulations were carried out. Only the results of two conditions were included, "slow" vs. "fast" of eating speed and ingestion. The estimation of the effect was expressed in OR with a 95 % CI under a random effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed with I2. Publication bias was also assessed with a funnel plot and Egger's linear regression test. The results indicate that eating slowly is a protective factor (OR = 0.73) from excessive intake. Additionally, eating small bites with a small spoon (OR = 0.315), serving food preparations on separate plates (OR = 0.860 and OR = 0.831), using a vibrotactile feedback fork (OR = 0.847), and eating hard-textured foods (OR = 0.831) are the techniques and strategies that modify eating speed and decrease food or energy intake. The present study confirms the premise that eating slowly can reduce excessive food and energy intake. (AU)

Food portion sizes, obesity, and related metabolic complications in children and adolescents / Tamaño de las porciones de alimentos, obesidad y complicaciones metabólicas asociadas en niños y adolescentes

The purpose of this narrative review is to provide evidence for the impact of food portion sizes on the development of obesity in children and adolescents. Strategies are needed on portion size estimation and on the relationship of portion size with certain health problems such as obesity, insulin resistance, and emotional eating in all age groups, in order to provide information for parents, teachers, and health professionals aiming to promote healthy eating. A wide range of controlled laboratory studies have found that portion size (PS) had the strongest effect on the amount of food consumed. The effect of PS on total energy intake has been already observed with different types of foods and beverages, especially with energy-dense foods. The influence of large PS was persistent and happened regardless of demographic characteristics such as age, gender, income level, or body mass index. Although a direct causal link between PS and obesity remains controversial, some health and dietetics organizations recommend to moderate PS, especially for energy-dense foods. Research studies in both laboratory and free-living contexts are needed to determine the causal link between increased PS, obesity, and related metabolic complications in children and adolescents

El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es proporcionar evidencia actual sobre el impacto del tamaño de las porciones de alimentos sobre el desarrollo de la obesidad en niños y adolescentes. Son necesarias estrategias sobre la estimación del tamaño de las porciones y su relación con ciertos problemas de salud como la obesidad, la resistencia a la insulina y la alimentación emocional en todos los grupos de edad, a fin de proporcionar una comunicación efectiva para los padres, los profesores y los profesionales de la salud, teniendo por objetivo promover una alimentación saludable. Varios son los estudios que encontraron asociaciones positivas entre el tamaño de la porción y la cantidad de alimentos consumidos. También se ha observado que el tamaño de la porción influye en la ingesta total de energía, especialmente en el caso de los alimentos de elevada densidad energética, siendo este efecto independiente de las características demográficas, como la edad, el género, el nivel socioeconómico o el índice de masa corporal. La relación causal entre el tamaño de las porciones y la obesidad sigue siendo controvertida; algunas organizaciones de salud y dietética recomiendan moderar los tamaños de las porciones, especialmente tratándose de alimentos de elevada densidad energética. Por ello se necesitan más estudios a corto y largo plazo que puedan determinar la relación causal entre el aumento del tamaño de las porciones, la obesidad y las complicaciones metabólicas asociadas en niños y adolescentes

Robotic Process Automation Extended with Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Power Distribution Utilities

Abstract Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is one of the several important techniques currently available for companies in search of performance improvement. The step forward in RPA is its association with Artificial Intelligence for more skilled robots. This scenario is not different in Power Distribution Utilities, in which a multitude of complex processes must be executed over different data sources. Making such situation even more complex, these processes are frequently regulated and subject to audit by external bodies. However, an old question remains: what should be robotized and what should be done by humans? This paper aims at partially answering the question in the context of data analysis tasks used for making decisions in complex processes. The research development is conducted based on an Artificial Intelligence methodology incorporated into one software robot (RPA) which acquires data automatically, treats and analyzes these data, helping the human professional take decisions in the process. It is applied to a real case process that is important for validating the research. Four approaches are tested in the data analysis, but only two are really used. The robot analyzes a series of information from an energy consumption meter. The detection of possible behavior deviations in the meter data is made by comparison with its data series. The robot is capable of prioritizing the detected occurrences in the energy consumption data, indicating to the human operator the most critical situations that require attention. The association of Artificial Intelligence and RPA is viable and can really apport important benefits to the company and teams, valuing human work and bringing more efficiency to the processes.

Efectos del entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad en altitud simulada. Revisión sistemática / Effects of high-intensity interval training at simulated Altitude. Systematic review

Introducción: en la actualidad, los entrenadores buscan la manera de mejorar las capacidades físicas de los atletas mediante diferentes estrategias de entrenamiento, como la exposición constante o intermitente a la altitud y el entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad. Objetivo: Revisar la literatura actual y describir los efectos sobre el organismo del entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad en altitud simulada en sujetos sedentarios, físicamente activos y entrenados. Resultados: el número de artículos revisados evidencia que, en hipoxia simulada en cámara hipobárica o normobárica (n=13) o máscara de simulación de altitud (n=1), todos utilizaron intensidades altas (n=13) a submáximas (n=1). Los participantes de las investigaciones fueron mujeres con obesidad sedentarias (n=3), hombres y mujeres físicamente activos (n=9) y sujetos entrenados (n=3). El tiempo de intervención de los estudios fue de 3 a 12 semanas, con una altitud simulada de 1824 a 4500 m.s.n.m. Se observaron efectos beneficiosos sobre la composición corporal, aptitud cardiorrespiratoria, aumentos en hemoglobina, eritropoyetina, consumo energético, fuerza máxima concéntrica e isométrica, fuerza absoluta y mejor tolerancia al ejercicio (percepción del esfuerzo). Conclusiones: La combinación de entrenamientos de intervalos de alta intensidad, combinado con una exposición en altitud simulada, puede evidenciar mejoras significativas en el rendimiento cardiorrespiratorio, así como en aspectos de composición corporal, lo que permitiría una mejor predisposición a intensidades más elevadas de actividad y ejercicio físico.

Introduction: Today, coaches are looking for ways to improve athletes' physical abilities through different training strategies, such as constant or intermittent exposu-re to altitude and high intensity interval training. Objective: To review the current literature and describe the effects on the body of simulated high-intensity interval training at altitude in sedentary, physically active, and trained subjects. Results: the number of articles reviewed evidences that, in simulated hypoxia in hypobaric or normobaric chamber (n = 13) or altitude simulation mask (n = 1), all used high intensities (n = 13) to submaximal (n = 1). The research participants were women with sedentary obesity (n = 3), physically active men and women (n = 9), and trained subjects (n = 3). The intervention time of the studies was 3 to 12 weeks, with a simulated altitude of 1824 to 4500 meters. Beneficial effects on body composition were observed, as well as cardiorespiratory fitness, increases in hemoglobin, erythro-poietin, energy consumption, concentric and isometric maximum strength, absolute strength and better exercise tolerance (perception of effort). Conclusions: The combination of high intensity interval training combined with a simulated altitude exposure can show significant improvements in cardiorespiratory performance, as well as in aspects of body composition, which would allow a better predisposition to higher intensities of activity and physical exercise.

Analysis of PV Systems Installed in Paraná

HIGHLIGHTS Comparative study of the operation of eight real cases of systems installed in Paraná. There is a convergence between the values estimated by the Atlas and the ones calculated. It was possible to identify the cities that presented the greatest figures of merit.

Abstract With the development of renewable energies in the world, there is also an increase in solar photovoltaic systems globally. In Brazil, and in the state of Paraná, there is an exponential growth of this form of energy generation, which causes the necessity to study the performance of the installed systems. Therefore, this article analyzed eight photovoltaic systems installed in the state of Paraná, under the aspect of figures of merit parameters, through calculations of final yield, performance ratio and capacity factor. In addition, the calculated values were compared to the values estimated by the Solar Energy Atlas of the State of Paraná. As a result, the largest average differences in final yield, between the calculations and the Atlas, were found in the cities of Cascavel, while the smallest were observed in Goioerê.

Analysis relationship of fatness in venerable people at Johan Pahlawan Health Center, West Aceh District

Objective: To find out the relationship of energy intake, carbohydrate intake, protein intake, fat intake, and physical activity with the incidents of fatness in venerable. Methods: Quantitative approach with cross-sectional design was applied and analyzed using chi square. Subjects in this research were venerable people aged 45–59 years old, who have the inclusion criteria were 88 people using Nutri survey technique through questionnaire. Result: The result showed a significant relationship between protein intake, fat, and activity of physic among fatness cases on venerable with p-value = 0.023 (OR = 0.164), p-value = 0.028 (OR = 1.529) and p-value = 0.016 (OR = 1.474). On the other hand, the research found not a significant relationship between energy intake and carbohydrate intake with the incidents of fatness in venerable with p-value = 0.308 (OR = 1.474) and p-value = 1.000 (OR = 1.450). Conclusion: Excessive protein intake and fat intake with light activity can be a risk factor for fatness, especially in the venerable. It is suggested to venerable people to keep their daily food intake and do physical activity to reduce the risk of fatness. (AU)

Efecto del Programa de Estabilización Nutricional "ESNUT" en el consumo alimenticio, IMC, composición corporal y actividad física en estudiantes universitarios mexicanos / Effect of the "ESNUT" Nutritional Stabilization Program on food consumption, BMI, body composition and physical activity in Mexican university students

INTRODUCCIÓN: La encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición en México (ENSANUT-2018) señala que existe un 38.4% de sobrepeso/obesidad en la población entre 10-24 años, lo que favorece las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT). En jóvenes universitarios los factores que mayormente contribuyen son la alimentación y la actividad física inadecuadas. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de una intervención (Programa de Estabilización Nutricional "ESNUT") en la composición corporal, índice de masa corporal, nivel de actividad física, consumo de energía y macronutrientes en estudiantes universitarios de nuevo ingreso. MÉTODOS: Diseño. Cuasiexperimental con seguimiento, de agosto de 2017 a mayo de 2018 en un Centro de Salud Universitario (CSU). Población. Estudiantes de 17 a 21 años (ambos sexos), sin condiciones de salud, gestación, lactancia, deporte de alto rendimiento o patología que impactaran en el estado nutricional, que firmaron el consentimiento informado. Los grupos experimental (GE, n=23) y control (GC, n=35) se conformaron por asignación aleatoria y ciego sencillo. Variables. Independiente: Programa ESNUT. Dependientes: Kilocalorías (Kcal), macronutrientes, masa grasa (%MG), masa músculo-esquelética (%MME), índice de masa corporal (lMC) y nivel de actividad física (NAF). Instrumentos: Bioimpedanciómetro Inbody 230; estadímetro digital SECA 274; Encuesta de nivel de actividad física (NAF); Recordatorio de 24 horas (R24), réplicas plásticas de alimentos. Análisis. Estadística descriptiva, U de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon, ANOVA, t de student y r de Pearson, con significancia p≤0.05. RESULTADOS: El 50% del GE padecía SP/OB. Mejoró la adecuación de ingesta energética y de macronutrientes, se redujo %MG, se incrementó %MME y NAF. DISCUSIÓN: El SP/OB y bajo peso decrementaron, asociados a mejoras dietética y de NAF, similarmente a intervenciones educativo-nutricionales efectivas en la prevención de malnutrición y por consiguiente de ECNT en universitarios latinoamericanos. CONCLUSIONES: El programa "ESNUT" tuvo efecto de mejora en la ingesta, composición corporal y NAF. Deben fomentarse estilos de vida saludables en el ámbito universitario

INTRODUCTION: According to the 2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT), overweight/obesity was 38.4% in the population between 10-24 years of age in Mexico, which bolsters chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD). In university students, inadequate diet and physical activity contribute to this. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the Nutritional Stabilization Program "ESNUT" on body composition, BodyMass Index, energy and macronutrient intakes and on the level of physical activity in new university students. METHODS: Design. Quasi-experimental with follow-up carried out from August 2017 to May 2018 in a University Health Center (CSU). Population. Students of both sexes, from 17 to 21 years old, non-pregnant, lactation, high-performance sports, pathology or health condition impacting their nutritional status, who signed the informed consent. The experimental (EG, n=23) and control (CG, n=35) groups were made up of randomized and single-blind allocation. Variables Independent: ESNUT Program. Dependent: Kilocalories (Kcal) and macronutrients, fat mass (%FM), musculoskeletal mass(% MM), body mass index (BMI) and physical activity level (PAL). Instruments: Inbody 230 Bioimpedance Meter; SECA274 digital stadiometer; PAL survey; 24-hour reminder (R24) and plastic food replicas. Analysis. Descriptive statistics and tests: Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U ranges, ANOVA, student's tand Pearson's r, with significance p≤0.05. RESULTS: 50% GE suffered from OW/OB. The adequacy of energy and micronutrients, intake improved,% FM was reduced, % MM and PAL increased. DISCUSSION: OW/OB and low weight were reduced associated with improvements in diet and PAL, similarly to effective educational-nutritional interventions in the prevention of malnutrition and, consequently, of CNCD in Latin American university students. CONCLUSIONS: The "ESNUT" program had an improvement effect on intake, body composition and PAL. Healthy lifestyles should be promoted in the university setting

Importancia de la colina en la función cognitiva / Importance of choline in cognitive function

La colina es un nutriente crítico para el desarrollo cognitivo, el metabolismo y la función hepática y la regulación del metabolismo de la homocisteína. Es necesaria para la síntesis del neurotransmisor acetilcolina, la síntesis de betaína y la de fosfatidilcolina. En la etapa perinatal el aporte de colina es fundamental para garantizar el desarrollo cognitivo y prevenir defectos del tubo neural. En adultos mayores y ancianos la ingesta de colina se ha asociado a mejor rendimiento en algunas funciones cognitivas y menor incidencia de demencia. A pesar de su importante papel en la salud, la mayoría de los colectivos no alcanza sus ingestas adecuadas (IA) de colina, aunque algunos colectivos, como gestantes o mujeres en edad fértil, tienen un mayor riesgo de tener ingestas subóptimas. Las principales fuentes dietéticas de esta vitamina son los huevos, lácteos y carnes, y disminuir o limitar el consumo de estos alimentos impacta negativamente en la ingesta de este nutriente. Dada la necesidad de mejorar la ingesta de esta vitamina, es necesario mejorar el conocimiento que tiene la población sobre este nutriente, concienciándola sobre la importancia de la colina para la salud y sus principales fuentes alimentarias

Choline is a critical nutrient for cognitive development, metabolism and liver function, and regulation of homocysteine metabolism. It is necessary for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the synthesis of betaine and that of phosphatidylcholine. In the perinatal stage, the contribution of choline is essential to guarantee optimal cognitive development and prevent neural tube defects. In adults and the elderly, choline intake has been associated with better performance in some cognitive functions and a lower incidence of dementia. Despite their important role in health, most groups of the population do not reach their adequate intake of choline, and even some groups, such as pregnant women or childbearing women, have a higher risk of having suboptimal intakes. The main dietary sources of choline are eggs, dairy and meats, so reducing or limiting the consumption of these foods negatively impacts on the intake of this nutrient. Given the need to improve the intake of this vitamin, it is necessary to increase the knowledge that the population has about this nutrient, raising awareness about the importance of choline for health, and its main food sources